EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADVANCED MATERNAL AGE AND DOWN SYNDROME
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BACKGROUND OF STUDY
A genetic condition known as Down syndrome is brought on by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that is produced as a result of an aberrant cell division.
This genetic condition, which can range in severity, can cause intellectual impairment and developmental delays that last a person's whole life, in addition to causing health issues in certain individuals (Perloff, 2022).
Children who have Down syndrome are more likely to have learning difficulties than children who have any other genetic or chromosomal condition.
Even though there is currently no treatment for Down syndrome, there are ways to improve the quality of life for affected children and adults as well as assist them live more fulfilled lives via early intervention and a greater knowledge of the condition (Mayo Clinic, April 19, 2014).
Because of John Langdon Down, an English physician who was able to write in the late 19th century an exact description of a person who possessed this syndrome, the condition came to be known as Down syndrome (Venugopalan, & Agarwal, 2021).
This condition is characterized by a number of traits, including but not limited to the following: low muscular tone small stature an upward slant to the eyes a single deep crease across the center of the palm a flattened facial profile heart difficulties respiratory problems
It has been over 75 years since the discovery of the maternal age effect in Down syndrome, and it has been over 50 years since the genetic basis in Down syndrome containing an additional material from chromosome 21 was established (Perloff, 2022).
There is a hereditary abnormality known as Down syndrome that affects anywhere from 1 in 650 to 1 in 1000 live births. Non-disjunction of chromosomes during the process of cell division is responsible for 95 percent of instances of Down syndrome. In 85 percent of these cases, the extra chromosome is inherited from the mother. When this disjunction happens after fertilization, it results in Down syndrome. Down syndrome is characterized by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 in one line of cells in the developing fetus whereas the other line of cells in the growing fetus does not have this trait (Torfs & Christianson, 2021).
The older the mother is, the greater the chance of her child having Down syndrome. Children with Down syndrome have difficulties with both the comprehension and production of spoken language (Fidler, 2008).
In recent decades, spanning the transition from the 19th to the 20th century, there has been a roughly 30 percent rise in the number of kids born with Down syndrome. It is more probable for older moms to give birth to children affected by Down syndrome than it is for younger mothers to do so. In other words, the incidence of Down syndrome is directly proportional to the mother's age at the time of pregnancy (Perloff, 2022).
Although researchers have not been able to pinpoint what exactly causes this syndrome, they have identified a number of characteristics that have been associated to an elevated risk of having a child who has this syndrome. The true etiology of the condition is unknown. However, due to greater birth rates in younger women, which might potentially be a predisposing factor, the majority of infants with Down syndrome are born to mothers who are in their advanced years. This accounts for 80% of all cases (Venugopalan, & Agarwal, 2021).
It is possible for either the mother or the father to be the source of the additional partial or whole extra chromosome 21. It's estimated that just around 5 percent of instances can be linked back to the father. Down syndrome affects people of every race and socioeconomic background equally.
Only one percent of all occurrences of Down syndrome are caused by translocation, which is a genetic condition; however, it can happen spontaneously, and there is no correlation between maternal age and the chance of translocation (Venugopalan, & Agarwal, 2021).
After a woman reaches the age of 35, the probability that she will have a child affected by Down syndrome is significantly increased (Torfs & Christianson, 2021).
Every woman is born with the complete complement of eggs (ova) with which she will ever ovulate during her whole life. Therefore, if a woman is 30 years old when she conceives, the egg (ova) that she conceived with is likewise 30 years old; this is true for all age groups that are older than 35 years old. The older the eggs (ova), the greater the likelihood that they may include defects that might lead to trisomies, including trisomy 21 (often known as Down syndrome) (Kathleen, 2016).
An older mother is one of the risk factors for her child having Down syndrome. When a mother is around 44 years old, the incidence of this risk factor reaches 3.6 percent of all live deliveries. It is impossible to stop it from happening, but there is a chance of finding it before the baby is born.
Because older eggs (ova) have a larger risk of faulty chromosomal division, the likelihood of a woman having a kid with Down syndrome grows with the mother's age as she continues to reproduce (Mayo Clinic, 2014).
The chances of a woman becoming pregnant decrease as she gets older, which means that her fertility does as well. This decrease, on average, starts off sluggishly in the early thirties, but it picks up speed in the late thirties and the forties (Rowe, 2008).
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